8.12. Sorting Efficiency

To figure out how efficient selection sort is, we will analyze the worst case. For units of work, we will consider comparisons and swaps - the two key operations in a sort. This video works through how much work there is for a Selection Sort on a list of 4 items:

Animation used by permission of Virginia Tech

If we did the same work for a selection sort on a list of 100 things (\(n = 100\)), it would look like:

Step

Comparisons

Swaps

1

99

1

2

98

1

3

97

1

97

3

1

98

2

1

99

1

1

The total swaps would be 99 steps times 1 swap each = 99. Expressed in terms of \(n\) we could say it is \(n - 1\) swaps.

The total comparisons would be 99 + 98 + 97 + … + 3 + 2 + 1 or \((n - 1) + (n - 2) + (n - 3) + ... + 3 + 2 + 1\). So what does that equal? There is a trick to find out - pair up the first item and the last, then the second item and next to last and so on. Each pair of items sums to \(n\):

../_images/summation.png

Since there were \(n - 1\) numbers to start with, there will be \(\frac{n - 1}{2}\) pairs, each of which add to \(n\). Multiplying the number of pairs by the sum of each pair gives us the total: \(\frac{n - 1}{2} \cdot n = \frac{n^2 - n}{2} = \frac{n^2}{2} - \frac{n}{2}\).

Overall, our work will be given by:

\(\text{Total work} = \text{Comparisons} + \text{Swaps}\)

Or:

\(\textrm{Total work} = (\frac{n^2}{2} - \frac{n}{2}) + (n-1) = \frac{n^2}{2} + \frac{n}{2} - 1\)

Since for Big-O purposes, all we care about is the class of the dominant term, in this case \(\frac{n^2}{2}\), we will say that Selection Sort is \(O(n^2)\) (Quadratic). A similar process can be used to show that so is Insertion Sort.

Important

Selection and Insertion Sort are Quadratic - \(O(n^2)\).

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